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Studying Fuel Sprays

Introduction

The environment has been a major issue on the news because it’s something that can’t be ignored any more why? The answer is why is there so many hurricanes, Al Neno, melting of ice caps in the north and south poles, winters are warmer than before ,hotter summers ,flooding and famines. Environmental friendly technology is a reality and an important demand which is telling us humans to become more responsibly aware and less selfish.

The coming factors are affecting the whole world:
1- Depletion of fuel sources.
2-Security of supply issues ,recently the Russian gas pipe line crises with European
countries ,the instability of the middle east region .
3- The Kyoto protocol and Co2 targets set for countries to achieve.
4-Getting more efficient combustion process with less Co2 ,Co,Soot,Nox,Sox emissions because these gases have devastating environmental effects like acid rain on forests and buildings ,for large inhabited cities like the photo chemical Smog covering Los Angles and kula Lumpour.
5- Chinese and Indian growing demand for fuel to back up there increasing growth rates.
6-The rise of oil prises were it got over $70 a barrel at one stage in the last couple of years, this has made expensive technologies to be an attractive alternative to governments due the decreasing price gap between classical fuels and alternatives.


These factors have contributed in the need of companies and governments in investing time and money in finding and introducing new technologies to be used all over the world, Japanese manufactures took the lead and were one of the leading countries introducing fuel economic models during the seventies such as Nissan sunny B110,B210series and later on Mitsubishi motors’ introduced GDI technology into car engines to also make them a more attractable choice for fuel economy and high efficiency. This has made countries to look for alternative fuels which are cheap clean and easy to burn. But to our disappointment in life there is nothing ideal, but what we can do is try to make it as ideal as possible, as an example it might be clean but it is only found on the other side of the planet. In the near future(and this has started in a couple of countries for example GMC company in America, were it has models that run on 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) car engines are going to be designed to work on several kinds of fuels on a separate base or a mixed base and due to the introduction of hybrid technology such as fuel cells , cars will be alternating during trips and switching from electrical mode to fuel burning engine mode. This will force manufactures to use special types of atomizers and variable pressure pumps at different output pressures to suite the atomization mode required by the driver (Sports mode or economic mode). That will also lead manufacturers in using special types of piston heads that will be compatible to use on several types of fuels and at the same time giving out the best mechanical output efficiency.

Fuel Atomization Lab

The next set of pictures provided in the album gives a descriptive description of the experimental setup, the high pressure jet atomization is shown at one time frame is shown, anther frame is shown to the low pressure jet atomization is also shown. The computer desktop is shown with the used software. Experience in the fuel atomization lab. The high frame rate camera used is also shown. Fuel tank is shown in an orange colour fro it fuel is passed to the high/low pressure injector. A Laser beam is also used to analyse the particle distribution of atomized fuel droplets. The liquid collection sink is also shown. The two pressure gauges used are to read how much pressure difference was applied to the injector. Air pressure is used in the process.
Picture
Insitec RTSizer for Windows ASCII data - A:\GDI_spray_ANALYSIS.txt
Start Date-Time = X Feb 20XX XX:XX:XX.XXXX
Stop Date-Time = X Feb 20XX XX:XX:XX.XXXX

Material : smoke          Lot : 2          Experiment : 0
Notes :
Status = Valid
Data Type
Volume
Error Code = 0

****************************************************************************************
Measurement Assumptions
Calibration : (ST45AIAC.CAL, STAEUNIT.IMG, STUNITY.RSP)
Lens = 450
Media Refractive Index = 1.00 + 0.00i
Particulate Refractive Index = 1.50 + 0.50i
Path Length = 12.00 (mm)
Particulate Density = 1.00 (gm/cc)
Mesh Factor = 1.00
Laser Wavelength = 670.0 (nm)

****************************************************************************************
Standard Values
T = 74.48%
Cv = 21.85 (LWC)
Span = 2.24
Specific Surface Area (m^2/cc) = 2.001068
Dv(10) = 1.26 (µm)
Dv(50) = 4.78 (µm)
Dv(90) = 11.99 (µm)
D[3][2] = 3.00 (µm)
D[4][3] = 5.83 (µm)

****************************************************************************************
Scattering Results
Ring    Scattering    Raw Scat    Background
0        1311.00     1311.00     1760.31
1        0.00        0.00        1.00    
2        0.00        35.50       42.31   
3        0.00        53.75       49.31   
4        3.13        17.75       21.44   
5        2.88        17.94       17.44   
6        1.88        9.38        11.06   
7        0.75        6.69        7.56    
8        0.69        5.00        6.13    
9        0.88        4.50        4.19    
10        0.94        4.00        4.31    
11        1.19        2.88        2.13    
12        1.50        3.88        2.75    
13        2.38        3.19        1.81    
14        3.69        6.50        2.25    
15        4.75        5.94        2.19    
16        5.38        9.38        3.31    
17        6.63        5.38        0.00    
18        9.75        16.44       6.69    
19        14.38       17.19       3.88    
20        13.38       26.00       4.88    
21        12.81       679.88      1534.63
22        27.44       50.94       19.19   
23        47.63       60.38       10.06   
24        65.56       75.94       7.69    
25        87.13       98.00       8.75    
26        115.13      126.00      5.50    
27        150.38      163.00      3.31    
28        194.06      210.50      5.00    
29        246.44      268.06      3.19    
30        307.38      332.00      3.56    
31        372.88      412.50      2.38    

****************************************************************************************
Size Results
% Volume    % Number    Dupper (um)    Dlower (um)
0.0000         0.0000         0.1166        0.1000    
0.0000         0.0000         0.1359        0.1166    
0.0000         0.0000         0.1585        0.1359    
0.0000         0.0000         0.1848        0.1585    
0.0000         0.0000         0.2154        0.1848    
0.0000         0.0000         0.2512        0.2154    
0.0000         0.0000         0.2929        0.2512    
0.0000         0.0000         0.3415        0.2929    
0.0000         0.0000         0.3981        0.3415    
0.0000         0.0000         0.4642        0.3981    
0.0000         0.0000         0.5412        0.4642    
0.0004         0.0098         0.6310        0.5412    
0.0176         0.2867         0.7356        0.6310    
0.0201         0.2066         0.8577        0.7356    
0.0227         0.1474         1.0000        0.8577    
0.0255         0.1046         1.1659        1.0000    
0.0286         0.0739         1.3594        1.1659    
0.0319         0.0521         1.5849        1.3594    
0.0356         0.0367         1.8478        1.5849    
0.0396         0.0257         2.1544        1.8478    
0.0439         0.0180         2.5119        2.1544    
0.0484         0.0125         2.9286        2.5119    
0.0532         0.0087         3.4145        2.9286    
0.0580         0.0060         3.9811        3.4145    
0.0626         0.0041         4.6416        3.9811    
0.0668         0.0027         5.4117        4.6416    
0.0700         0.0018         6.3096        5.4117    
0.0716         0.0012         7.3564        6.3096    
0.0707         0.0007         8.5770        7.3564    
0.0666         0.0004         10.0000       8.5770    
0.0585         0.0002         11.6591       10.0000   
0.0466         0.0001         13.5936       11.6591   
0.0321         0.0001         15.8489       13.5936   
0.0181         0.0000         18.4785       15.8489   
0.0079         0.0000         21.5443       18.4785   
0.0025         0.0000         25.1189       21.5443   
0.0006         0.0000         29.2864       25.1189   
0.0001         0.0000         34.1455       29.2864   
0.0000         0.0000         39.8107       34.1455   
0.0000         0.0000         46.4159       39.8107   
0.0000         0.0000         54.1170       46.4159   
0.0000         0.0000         63.0957       54.1170   
0.0000         0.0000         73.5642       63.0957   
0.0000         0.0000         85.7696       73.5642   
0.0000         0.0000         100.0000      85.7696   
0.0000         0.0000         116.5914      100.0000  
0.0000         0.0000         135.9356      116.5914  
0.0000         0.0000         158.4893      135.9356  
0.0000         0.0000         184.7850      158.4893  
0.0000         0.0000         215.4435      184.7850  
0.0000         0.0000         251.1886      215.4435  
0.0000         0.0000         292.8645      251.1886  
0.0000         0.0000         341.4549      292.8645  
0.0000         0.0000         398.1072      341.4549  
0.0000         0.0000         464.1589      398.1072  
0.0000         0.0000         541.1695      464.1589  
0.0000         0.0000         630.9573      541.1695  
0.0000         0.0000         735.6423      630.9573  
0.0000         0.0000         857.6959      735.6423  
0.0000         0.0000         1000.0000     857.6959  

****************************************************************************************
Process Control Variable Results
Value (Avg)    Std Dev        Max            Min            Variable Title - [Correction Equation]
1.259         0.000         0.000         0.000         Dv(10.0) (µm) - [Xc = X]
4.780         0.000         0.000         0.000         Dv(50.0) (µm) - [Xc = X]
11.990        0.000         0.000         0.000         Dv(90.0) (µm) - [Xc = X]
74.475        0.000         0.000         0.000         Transmission (%) - [Xc = X]
5.829         0.000         0.000         0.000         D[4][3] (µm) - [Xc = X]
4.813         0.000         0.000         0.000         Dv(50.0) (µm) : Avg - [Xc = X]

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Will upload some samples of high and low pressure spray histograms, the following one is for high pressure:
Lasers have been mainly used to characterize the two-dimensional fuel vapour concentration inside the cylinder of a all types of valve spark ignition engines equipped with high and low-pressure injectors. The effects of injection timing, on the test bench charge motion and injector tip layout have been quantified. The flexibility in nozzle design of swirl-hole injectors has proven to be a powerful tool in terms of matching overall spray cone angle and number of holes to specific engine configurations. Injection timing was found to control spray impingement on the piston and cylinder wall, thus contributing to quick and efficient fuel evaporation. It was confirmed that in-cylinder charge motion plays a major role in engine’s stable operation by assisting in the transportation of the air-fuel mixture towards the ignition locations (i.e. spark-plugs) in the way of a uniformly distributed charge or by preserving stratification of the charge depending on operating mode of the engine.

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The picture below shows the test rig used to control what kind pressure pulses that the researcher wants to produce, notcie fixed accumelator and the prssure selonode fixed on the mid section.
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The following picture shows the tested spray tip fixed on the test rig, different types of nozzels where tested.
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The picture below shows the fuel tank used to store the required fuel for conducting atmoization tests.
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Some important values in order to get the feel of the numbers worked on:
Mean Droplet Diameter 50 micron
Spray occurs at 3 bar
Volumetric flow rates 0.00000065 m^3/s  or 19,5 CC/min
Mass flow rates 7.96E-12 kg/s
Densities:
Water        998 kg/m^3
Kerosene    810 kg/m^3
Diesel         800 kg/m^3
Gasoline     770 kg/m^3
The following set of data can form input paramters for a simulation for a case of CFD modeling of Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) spray combustion
Gasoil temp = 44 C
Mean diameter = 81 micro-meter
LHV = 43.005 MJ/kg
Spray angle = 89 DRG
========================
HFO temp = 100 C
Mean diameter = 91 micro-meter
LHV= 40.915 MJ/kg
Spray angle = 79 DRG
========================
There is no significant difference between injection patterns.


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